Questions: Structural Organisation in Animals

Q1 Name the four basic tissues of a complex animal and give one job of each.

Answer: Epithelial tissue covers and lines surfaces and cavities, and it also secretes and absorbs. Connective tissue links and supports other tissues, stores fat and transports materials in the case of blood. Muscular tissue produces movement by contraction. Neural tissue conducts impulses and coordinates the work of organs.

Hinglish: Epithelial tissue surface dhakti aur line karti hai, connective tissue parts ko jodti aur support karti hai, muscular tissue movement deti hai aur neural tissue signals le jaakar coordination karti hai.

Q2 How is a simple epithelium different from a compound epithelium?

Answer: A simple epithelium is one cell thick and lies where exchange, secretion or absorption happens, as in the alveoli of the lung, the kidney tubules and the intestine. A compound epithelium has more than one layer and sits where the surface takes wear and tear; the skin is the example, and its outer cells are lost and replaced.

Hinglish: Simple epithelium ek cell layer ka hota hai aur exchange ya secretion ki jagahon par hota hai; compound epithelium kai layers ka hota hai aur ghisi jaane wali jagahon par, jaise skin, hota hai.

Q3 What are the three types of cell junctions and what does each do?

Answer: Tight junctions seal the space between neighbouring cells so that leakage stops. Adhering junctions cement the cells together with material such as calcium. Gap junctions open a small channel between cells, which lets ions and small molecules pass and allows cells to communicate.

Hinglish: Tight junctions cells ke beech gap ko seal karte hain, adhering junctions calcium jaise material se cells ko jodte hain, aur gap junctions chhota channel bana kar cells ke beech communication karate hain.

Q4 Why is blood called a connective tissue?

Answer: Blood is connective because it connects distant parts of the body by transport. Its cells are spread in a liquid matrix, the plasma, and the same pattern, cells inside a matrix, is what defines a connective tissue. It carries food, gases, hormones and wastes between organs, so both its structure and its work fit the class.

Hinglish: Blood connective tissue hai kyunki uske cells plasma matrix mein bikhre hote hain aur woh body ke door parts ke beech food, gases aur wastes le jaata hai. Cells-in-matrix pattern aur transport ka kaam dono connective tissue ke hain.

Q5 Explain the external features of the frog.

Answer: The frog's body is covered with moist skin and divided into head and trunk, with no neck or tail in the adult. The eyes are on the sides of the head, each protected by an eyelid and a nictitating membrane. Behind each eye sits a membranous tympanum. The forelimbs end in four digits and the hind limbs in five, and the hind limbs are larger and muscular, with webbing between the toes for swimming.

Hinglish: Frog ki body moist skin se dhaki hoti hai aur head aur trunk mein banti hai; adult mein neck ya tail nahi hoti. Aankhon ke paas nictitating membrane aur peeche tympanum hota hai. Forelimb mein chaar aur hind limb mein paanch digits hoti hain; hind limbs badi, muscular aur webbed hoti hain.

Q6 Describe the digestive system of the frog in order.

Answer: The mouth opens into the buccal cavity, which leads through the pharynx to a short oesophagus. The oesophagus opens into the stomach, and the stomach continues into the small intestine, the rectum and the cloaca. The liver produces bile stored in the gall bladder, and the pancreas produces pancreatic juice. The duodenum receives both through a common bile duct, digestion finishes in the intestine, and the lining villi absorb the products.

Hinglish: Frog ka digestive system mouth se buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum aur cloaca tak chalta hai. Liver bile banata hai jo gall bladder mein store hoti hai, pancreas pancreatic juice deta hai, aur villi absorption karti hain.

Q7 What is the difference between cutaneous and pulmonary respiration in the frog?

Answer: Cutaneous respiration happens through the moist skin, and oxygen dissolved in water passes in by diffusion; the frog uses it underwater. Pulmonary respiration uses the lungs on land, with air moving from the nostrils through the mouth cavity into the lungs. While aestivating or hibernating the frog passes gases across the skin alone.

Hinglish: Cutaneous respiration moist skin se hoti hai aur paani mein kaam aati hai; pulmonary respiration lungs se zameen par hoti hai. Aestivation aur hibernation mein gaseous exchange sirf skin se hota hai.

Q8 Describe the heart and the circulation of the frog.

Answer: The heart has two atria and one ventricle, so it has three chambers, and it is covered by the pericardium. A triangular sinus venosus joins the right atrium and receives blood from the vena cava, while the ventricle opens into a conus arteriosus on the ventral side. The circulation is closed. Two portal systems are present: the hepatic portal system links the liver with the intestine, and the renal portal system links the kidneys with the lower body.

Hinglish: Frog ke heart mein do atria aur ek ventricle yaani teen chambers hote hain; sinus venosus right atrium se jodta hai aur conus arteriosus ventricle se. Circulation closed hai; hepatic portal aur renal portal systems bhi hote hain.

Q9 Write a note on the excretory system of the frog.

Answer: A pair of kidneys, their ureters, the cloaca and a thin-walled urinary bladder make up this system. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs lying on either side of the vertebral column, and each is made of many nephrons. In the male the ureters also carry sperm and act as urinogenital ducts; in the female the ureters and oviducts open separately into the cloaca. The frog excretes urea, so it is ureotelic.

Hinglish: Excretory system mein kidneys, ureters, cloaca aur urinary bladder aate hain. Male mein ureters sperm bhi le jaate hain isliye woh urinogenital ducts hote hain; female mein ureters aur oviducts alag-alag cloaca mein khulte hain. Frog urea excrete karta hai, isliye ureotelic hai.

Q10 Describe the male reproductive system of the frog.

Answer: The male has a pair of yellowish ovoid testes held against the upper kidney surface by a double peritoneal fold, the mesorchium. Out of each testis come 10 to 12 vasa efferentia, which enter the kidney, pass through Bidder's canal and open into the urinogenital duct. That duct opens into the cloaca, a small median chamber that passes faeces, urine and sperms to the outside.

Hinglish: Male frog mein kidneys ke upar testes hote hain jo mesorchium se jude hote hain. Testes se 10 se 12 vasa efferentia aati hain jo kidney mein Bidder's canal se hokar urinogenital duct mein khulti hain, aur woh cloaca mein jaata hai.

That completes the ten written answers. The five-question quiz below checks the four tissues, the frog's external features, its respiration and its reproduction.