Class 11 Biology

The features that mark something as living, the scale of biodiversity, the rules of scientific naming, and the taxonomic categories from species to kingdom.

The five kingdom system, the bacteria, protists and fungi that fill kingdoms Monera, Protista and Fungi, and the viruses, viroids, prions and lichens outside the five kingdoms.

The systems of plant classification, the algae with their three classes, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, and the life cycle patterns that connect them.

The basis of animal classification, the non-chordate phyla from sponges to echinoderms, the chordates with their vertebrate classes, and the exercise practice for the chapter.

The external form of a flowering plant: root, stem and leaf, the inflorescence, the flower and its whorls, fruit and seed structure, and the semi-technical description of the Solanaceae.

The tissues and tissue systems of a flowering plant, the internal structure of dicot and monocot roots, stems and leaves, and the practise needed to read a transverse section.

The four animal tissues and how they build organs and organ systems, followed by the morphology, anatomy, reproduction and ecological role of the frog.

Cell theory and the cell as the basic unit of life, prokaryotic cell organisation, the plasma membrane, the endomembrane system, the energy organelles, the cytoskeleton and the nucleus with its chromosomes.

How the chemical composition of living tissue is analysed, the small biomolecules and metabolites, the four classes of biomacromolecules, the four levels of protein structure, and the working of enzymes.

The sequence of growth and division in a cell, the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis, and the two meiotic divisions that make haploid gametes.

How a leaf captures light, splits water and makes ATP and NADPH, how the Calvin cycle turns CO2 into sugar, and how C4 plants and photorespiration change the story.

Glycolysis, fermentation, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system, with the ATP accounting and the respiratory quotient that tie the chapter together.

How plants grow, differentiate and develop, the five groups of plant growth regulators, and how light and cold decide when a plant flowers.

The respiratory organs, the mechanics of breathing, lung volumes and capacities, gas exchange and transport, and how the nervous system controls breathing.

Blood and its components, lymph, the human heart and cardiac cycle, double circulation, the ECG and the disorders of the circulatory system.

The nitrogenous wastes and excretory organs across animals, the human kidney and nephron, urine formation, concentration of urine, hormonal regulation, micturition and the disorders of the excretory system.

Types of movement, the three muscle types, the sliding filament mechanism, the human skeleton and its joints, and the disorders of muscles and bones.

The neural system and its divisions, the neuron and its types, the resting and action potentials, synaptic transmission, and the brain and spinal cord with their functions.

The endocrine glands and their hormones, the hypothalamus and pituitary, the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pancreas, the other hormone producing tissues and the mechanism of hormone action.