Questions: Reproductive Health

Q1. Define reproductive health as given by the WHO.

Answer (English): In the words of the World Health Organization, reproductive health is complete well being across every side of reproduction, the physical, emotional, behavioural and social sides included. A person in good reproductive health has a satisfying and safe sex life, is able to reproduce and is free to decide if, when and how often to do so. The definition makes it clear that the absence of disease alone is not enough.

Hinglish: WHO ke hisaab se reproductive health ka matlab reproduction ke saare aspects mein total well being hai: physical, emotional, behavioural aur social. Achhi reproductive health waale person ki sex life safe aur satisfying hoti hai, aur woh decide kar sakta hai ki bachche kab aur kitne chahiye. Sirf bimari na hona is definition mein kaafi nahi hai.

Q2. List any four problems that affect reproductive health in India.

Answer (English): Myths and misconceptions about sex and reproduction are common, especially among adolescents. Sex education is not available to everyone, so many people do not know about infections or birth control. Sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections go untreated in many places. Female foeticide, early marriage and early pregnancy add social and medical problems, and infertile couples rarely get correct guidance.

Hinglish: Chaar bade problems: logon mein sex aur reproduction ke baare mein myths aur misconceptions; sahi sex education ki kami; STI/RTI ka ilaaj na hona; aur female foeticide, early marriage aur early pregnancy jaise social problems. Infertile couples ko sahi guidance bhi nahi milti.

Q3. Explain periodic abstinence and lactational amenorrhea.

Answer (English): Periodic abstinence is a natural method in which the couple avoids sexual intercourse during the middle of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation is expected, because the ovum survives for one to two days and sperm survive for about two to three days. Lactational amenorrhea depends on the fact that a breast feeding mother does not ovulate for some months after delivery, especially when breastfeeding is exclusive, frequent and the baby is under six months. Both methods depend on understanding the cycle and both fail if used carelessly.

Hinglish: Periodic abstinence mein couple cycle ke beech ke dinon mein intercourse avoid karta hai kyunki ovum 1-2 din aur sperm 2-3 din tak zinda rehte hain. Lactational amenorrhea mein breastfeeding waali maa kuch mahine ovulation nahi karti, khaas kar jab breastfeeding exclusive aur frequent ho aur baby 6 mahine se chhota ho. Dono methods samajh aur discipline maangte hain.

Q4. What are copper releasing IUDs? Give two examples and state their mode of action.

Answer (English): Copper releasing IUDs are intra uterine devices that release copper ions inside the uterus; CuT, Cu7 and Multiload 375 are the examples. The device causes a foreign body reaction that increases phagocytosis of sperm, and the released copper ions suppress sperm motility and reduce their fertilising capacity. The device is inserted by a doctor and can be removed when the woman wants to conceive.

Hinglish: Copper releasing IUDs uterus ke andar copper ions chhodte hain; CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375 examples hain. Device ki wajah se foreign body reaction hota hai jo sperm ka phagocytosis badhata hai, aur copper ions sperm ki motility aur fertilising capacity kam karte hain. Doctor device lagata hai aur pregnancy plan karne par nikalwa sakte hain.

Q5. Explain the mode of action of oral contraceptive pills and the schedule for taking them.

Answer (English): Oral pills contain progestogen alone or progestogen with estrogen. They inhibit ovulation, change the cervical mucus so that sperm cannot move easily, and make the endometrium unsuitable for implantation. The combined pill is taken daily for 21 days, then stopped for seven days, during which menstrual bleeding occurs, and the next course starts on the eighth day. The first course begins within the first five days of the menstrual cycle.

Hinglish: Pills mein progestogen ya progestogen aur estrogen dono hote hain. Yeh ovulation rok deti hain, cervical mucus ko change karti hain aur endometrium ko implantation ke liye unsuitable bana deti hain. Combined pill 21 din daily li jati hai, phir 7 din gap, jisme bleeding hoti hai, aur agla course 8ve din shuru hota hai. Pehla course cycle ke pehle 5 dinon mein shuru karna chahiye.

Q6. What is Saheli? Why is it special?

Answer (English): Saheli is an oral contraceptive for women developed at the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow. It is a non steroidal preparation, and it is special because it has to be taken only once a week. Side effects are rare, the contraceptive value is high, and it costs less and is easier to get than the usual pills, so it became a practical option for many women in India.

Hinglish: Saheli ek oral contraceptive hai jo CDRI Lucknow mein develop hui. Yeh non steroidal hai aur sabse khaas baat yeh hai ki ise hafte mein sirf ek baar lena hota hai. Side effects kam hain, contraceptive value high hai, aur sasti aur aasani se milti hai, isliye Indian women ke liye important option ban gayi.

Q7. Differentiate between vasectomy and tubectomy.

Answer (English): In the male operation, a short piece of the vas deferens is cut or tied, and the ejaculate then carries no sperm. In the female, tubectomy removes or ties a short piece of the fallopian tube, which stops the ovum from reaching the uterus. Both methods are highly effective and nearly permanent, and their reversibility is poor.

Hinglish: Vasectomy male ke liye hai, jisme vas deferens ka chhota hissa kaat kar baandh diya jata hai, isliye semen mein sperm nahi aate. Tubectomy female ke liye hai, jisme fallopian tube ka chhota hissa kaat kar baandh diya jata hai, isliye ovum uterus tak nahi pahunch pata. Dono bahut effective hain par reversibility kam hai.

Q8. What is MTP? Why was it legalised in India?

Answer (English): MTP is medical termination of pregnancy, that is, an induced abortion done by a registered medical practitioner. It was legalised because a large number of women died after unsafe abortions performed by untrained people, and legal access brought them to safe medical care. The law sets conditions and a time limit, and the procedure is relatively safe in the first trimester, up to about twelve weeks.

Hinglish: MTP ka matlab medical termination of pregnancy ya induced abortion hai, jo registered doctor karta hai. Ise legal isliye kiya gaya ki bade number mein auratein untrained logon ke unsafe abortion se marti thin; legal hone se woh safe medical care tak pahunchi. Kanoon conditions aur time limit lagata hai, aur first trimester yaani lagbhag 12 hafte tak yeh safe hai.

Q9. Name two bacterial and two viral sexually transmitted infections, and state one complication of untreated infection.

Answer (English): The bacterial infections are gonorrhoea and syphilis, and the viral ones are genital herpes and genital warts; hepatitis B and HIV are also viral. If an STI is left untreated, the infection can spread to the pelvic organs and cause pelvic inflammatory disease. The inflammation damages the fallopian tubes and can result in infertility, and a pregnant woman can also pass the infection to her child.

Hinglish: Bacterial STIs gonorrhoea aur syphilis hain; viral genital herpes aur genital warts hain, hepatitis B aur HIV bhi viral hain. Untreated infection pelvic organs tak ja sakti hai aur PID deti hai, jisse fallopian tubes damage hoti hain aur infertility tak baat pahunch sakti hai. Pregnant woman se baby ko bhi infection ja sakta hai.

Q10. Explain GIFT and ICSI in one or two lines each.

Answer (English): GIFT, or gamete intra fallopian transfer, transfers an ovum obtained from a donor into the fallopian tube of a woman who cannot produce an ovum but can support fertilisation and pregnancy. ICSI, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, injects a single sperm directly into an ovum in the laboratory, and the embryo formed is transferred into the uterus. ICSI is used when sperm count or sperm quality is very poor.

Hinglish: GIFT mein donor se liya gaya ovum us aurat ke fallopian tube mein daala jata hai jo ovum nahi banati par pregnancy carry kar sakti hai. ICSI mein ek sperm ko laboratory mein ovum ke andar seedha inject karte hain, aur bana hua embryo uterus mein transfer hota hai; yeh low sperm count ki condition mein use hota hai.

Quiz: the five question check for this chapter is set from reproductive health, contraception, MTP and ART. Attempt it after the questions above, then revisit the topic page where you lost a mark.