Class 12 Physics Part 2

Reflection by spherical mirrors, refraction and total internal reflection, refraction at spherical surfaces and lenses, the prism, dispersion and the optical instruments built from them.

Huygens principle and wavefronts, interference and Young's double slit, diffraction at a single slit, resolving power and polarisation, with the standard numerical relations.

The photon picture and the photoelectric effect, Einstein's equation and its experimental laws, then the de Broglie hypothesis and the electron diffraction experiment.

Rutherford scattering and the nuclear model, Bohr's three postulates, the radius, velocity and energy of hydrogen orbits, the hydrogen spectrum and de Broglie's explanation of quantisation.

Nuclear size and composition, atomic mass units and isotopes, mass defect and binding energy per nucleon, the nuclear force and its potential energy curve, and radioactivity, fission and fusion.

Energy bands and the classification of solids, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, the p-n junction and its barrier, the diode under forward and reverse bias, and rectifiers with filters.